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'''इन्डक्टर''' छगू [[प्यासिभ कम्पोनेन्ट|प्यासिभ]] [[इलेक्ट्रिकल कम्पोनेन्ट|इलेक्ट्रिकल कम्पोनेन्ट]] ख। थुकियात छगू सर्किटय्   [[इन्डक्टेन्स]] बीत डिजाइन याना तै।

Inductors store energy in a [[magnetic field]] created when an [[electric current]] flows through them.  They are usually implemented by some sort of coiled conductive winding.  The winding may surround a [[magnetic core]], in which case it is called a ''ferromagnetic-core'' or ''iron-core'' inductor.  Large inductors used at low frequencies may have thousands of turns of wire around an iron core; however even a straight piece of wire (i.e., with turns and core reduced to zero) has significant inductance.

An "ideal inductor" has inductance, but no [[Electrical resistance|resistance]] or [[capacitance]], and does not dissipate energy. A real inductor is equivalent to a combination of inductance, some resistance due to the resistivity of the wire, and some capacitance.  At some frequency, usually much higher than the working frequency, a real inductor behaves as a [[resonant circuit]] (due to its [[Parasitic capacitance|self capacitance]]).  In addition to dissipating energy in the resistance of the wire, magnetic core inductors may dissipate energy in the core due to [[hysteresis]], and at high currents may show other departures from ideal behavior due to [[Linear circuit|nonlinearity]].

[[Image:Electronic component inductors.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Some low-value inductors.]]
[[Image:Inductor.svg|thumb|right|150px|Symbol used to denote an inductor]]

== फिजिक्स ==
=== ओभरभ्यु ===
[[Inductance]] (''L'') (measured in [[Henry (unit)|henrys]]) is an effect, resulting from the [[magnetic field]] that forms around a current-carrying [[Electrical conductor|conductor]] that tends to resist changes in the current.  [[Electric current]] through the conductor creates a [[magnetic flux]] proportional to the current. A change in this current creates a change in magnetic flux that, in turn, by [[Faraday's law of induction|Faraday's law]] generates an [[electromotive force]] (EMF) that acts to oppose this change in current. Inductance is a measure of the amount of EMF generated for a unit change in current. For example, an inductor with an inductance of 1 henry produces an EMF of 1 volt when the current through the inductor changes at the rate of 1 ampere per second. The number of loops, the size of each loop, and the material it is wrapped around all affect the inductance. For example, the magnetic flux linking these turns can be increased by coiling the conductor around a material with a high [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] such as iron. This can increase the inductance by 2000 times, although less so at high frequencies.

=== हाइड्रौलिक मोडेल ===

Electric current can be modeled by the [[hydraulic analogy]].  An inductor can be modeled by the [[flywheel]] effect of a heavy [[turbine]] rotated by the flow.  When water first starts to flow (current), the stationary turbine will cause an obstruction in the flow and high pressure (voltage) opposing the flow until it gets turning.  Once it is turning, if there is a sudden interruption of water flow the turbine will continue to turn by inertia, generating a high pressure to keep the flow moving. Magnetic interactions such as in [[transformer#An analogy|transformers]] are not  modeled hydraulically.

== एप्लिकेसनस् ==
[[किपा:Common mode choke 2A with 20mH inductance.jpg|left|thumb|A [[Choke (electronics)|choke]] with two 20mH windings, as may be found in a power supply.]]
Inductors are used extensively in [[analog circuit]]s and signal processing.  Inductors in conjunction with [[capacitor]]s and other components form tuned circuits which can emphasize or [[electronic filter|filter]] out specific signal frequencies. This can range from the use of large inductors as chokes in power supplies, which in conjunction with filter [[capacitor]]s remove residual [[hum]] or other fluctuations from the direct current output, to such small inductances as generated by a [[Ferrite (magnet)|ferrite]] bead or [[torus]] around a cable to prevent [[radio frequency interference]] from being transmitted down the wire. Smaller inductor/capacitor combinations provide [[tuned circuit]]s used in radio reception and broadcasting, for instance.

Two (or more) inductors which have coupled magnetic flux form a [[transformer]], which is a fundamental component of every electric [[Public utility|utility]] power grid. The efficiency of a transformer may decrease as the frequency increases due to eddy currents in the core material and skin effect on the windings. Size of the core can be decreased at higher frequencies and, for this reason, aircraft use 400 hertz alternating current rather than the usual 50 or 60 hertz, allowing a great saving in weight from the use of smaller transformers.

An inductor is used as the energy storage device in some [[switched-mode power supply|switched-mode power supplies]]. The inductor is energized for a specific fraction of the regulator's switching frequency, and de-energized for the remainder of the cycle. This energy transfer ratio determines the input-voltage to output-voltage ratio. This ''X''<sub>L</sub> is used in complement with an active semiconductor device to maintain very accurate voltage control.

Inductors are also employed in electrical transmission systems, where they are used to depress voltages from lightning strikes and to limit switching currents and [[fault current]]. In this field, they are more commonly referred to as reactors.

As inductors tend to be larger and heavier than other components, their use has been reduced in modern equipment; solid state switching power supplies eliminate large transformers, for instance, and circuits are designed to use only small inductors, if any; larger values are simulated by use of [[gyrator]] circuits.

== इन्डक्टर कन्स्ट्रक्सन ==

[[Image:Coils.jpg|thumb|150px|Inductors. Major scale in centimetres.]]

An inductor is usually constructed as a [[coil]] of [[Electrical conductor|conducting]] material, typically copper wire, wrapped around a [[magnetic core|core]] either of air or of [[ferromagnetic]] material. Core materials with a higher [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] than air increase the magnetic field and confine it closely to the inductor, thereby increasing the inductance.  Low frequency inductors are constructed like transformers, with cores of [[electrical steel]] [[laminate]]d to prevent [[eddy current]]s.  'Soft' [[Ferrite (magnet)|ferrite]]s are widely used for cores above [[audio frequencies]], since they don't cause the large energy losses at high frequencies that ordinary iron alloys do. This is because of their narrow [[hysteresis]] curves, and their high [[resistivity]] prevents [[eddy current]]s.  Inductors come in many shapes. Most are constructed as enamel coated wire wrapped around a [[Ferrite (magnet)|ferrite]] [[bobbin]] with wire exposed on the outside, while some enclose the wire completely in ferrite and are called "shielded". Some inductors have an adjustable core, which enables changing of the inductance. Inductors used to block very high frequencies are sometimes made by stringing a ferrite cylinder or bead on a wire.  

Small inductors can be etched directly onto a [[printed circuit board]] by laying out the trace in a [[spiral]] pattern. Some such planar inductors use a [[magnetic core#Planar core | planar core]].

Small value inductors can also be built on [[integrated circuit]]s using the same processes that are used to make [[transistor]]s.  Aluminium [[interconnect]] is typically used, laid out in a spiral coil pattern. However, the small dimensions limit the inductance, and it is far more common to use a circuit called a "[[gyrator]]" which uses a [[capacitor]] and active components to behave similarly to an inductor.

== इलेक्ट्रोनिक सर्किटय् ==

An inductor opposes changes in current. An ideal inductor would offer no resistance to a constant [[direct current]]; however, only [[superconductor|superconducting]] inductors have truly zero [[electrical resistance]].

In general, the relationship between the time-varying voltage ''v''(''t'') across an inductor with inductance ''L'' and the time-varying current ''i''(''t'') passing through it is described by the [[differential equation]]:

:<math>v(t) = L \frac{di(t)}{dt}</math>

When there is a [[sinusoidal]] [[alternating current]] (AC) through an inductor, a sinusoidal voltage is induced.  The amplitude of the voltage is proportional to the product of the amplitude (<math>I_P</math>) of the current and the frequency ('' f '') of the current.

:<math>i(t) = I_P \sin(2 \pi f t)\,</math>

:<math>\frac{di(t)}{dt} = 2 \pi f I_P \cos(2 \pi f t)</math>

:<math>v(t) = 2 \pi f L I_P \cos(2 \pi f t)\,</math>

In this situation, the [[Phase (waves)|phase]] of the current lags that of the voltage by 90 degrees. #

If an inductor is connected to a [[direct current|DC]] current source, with value ''I'' via a resistance, ''R'', and then the current source short circuited, the differential relationship above shows that the current through the inductor will discharge with an [[exponential decay]]:

:<math>\ i(t) = I (e^{\frac{-tR}{L}})</math>

=== लाप्लास सर्किट एनालाइसिस (s-डोमोन) ===

When using the [[Laplace transform]] in circuit analysis, the transfer impedance of an ideal inductor with no initial current is represented in the ''s'' domain by:

:<math>Z(s) = Ls\, </math>
::: where
:::: ''L'' is the inductance, and
:::: ''s'' is the complex frequency

If the inductor does have initial current, it can be represented by:
* adding a voltage source in series with the inductor, having the value:
:<math> L I_0 \,</math>
(''Note that the source should have a polarity that opposes the initial current'')
* or by adding a current source in parallel with the inductor, having the value:
:<math> \frac{I_0}{s} </math>
::: where
:::: ''L'' is the inductance, and
:::: ''<math>I_0</math> is the initial current in the inductor.

=== इन्डक्टर नेटवर्क ===

{{main|सिरिज व प्यारालल सर्किट}} 
Inductors in a [[Series and parallel circuits|parallel]] configuration each have the same potential difference (voltage).  To find their total equivalent inductance (''L''<sub>eq</sub>):

: [[Image:inductors in parallel.svg|A diagram of several inductors, side by side, both leads of each connected to the same wires]]

:<math> \frac{1}{L_\mathrm{eq}} = \frac{1}{L_1} + \frac{1}{L_2} + \cdots +  \frac{1}{L_n}</math>

The current through inductors in [[Series and parallel circuits|series]] stays the same, but the voltage across each inductor can be different.  The sum of the potential differences (voltage) is equal to the total voltage.  To find their total inductance:

: [[Image:inductors in series.svg|A diagram of several inductors, connected end to end, with the same amount of current going through each]]

:<math> L_\mathrm{eq} = L_1  + L_2 + \cdots + L_n \,\! </math>

These simple relationships hold true only when there is no mutual coupling of magnetic fields between individual inductors.

=== स्टोर्ड इनर्जी ===

The [[energy]] (measured in [[joule]]s, in [[SI]]) stored by an inductor is equal to the amount of work required to establish the current through the inductor, and therefore the magnetic field.  This is given by:

:<math> E_\mathrm{stored} = {1 \over 2} L I^2 </math>

where ''L'' is inductance and ''I'' is the current through the inductor.

== RF पर्फर्मेन्स ==

Practical inductors have parasitic elements that degrade the performance at [[high frequency|high frequencies]].  The inductor wire has resistance which lowers the [[inductor#Q factor|Q factor]].  Capacitance between the windings changes the electrical performance near the [[resonance|self resonant frequency]].  

The inductor may be modeled at [[Radio Frequency|RF]] by an ideal inductor in series with a resistance with both in parallel with a capacitance.  Additional parasitics may be related to the specific inductor packaging. For example, the wire leads on an axial inductor may add additional [[inductance]] to the nominal inductor value.

== ''Q'' फ्याक्टर ==

An ideal inductor will be lossless irrespective of the amount of current through the winding. However, typically inductors have winding resistance from the metal wire forming the coils. Since the winding resistance appears as a resistance in series with the inductor, it is often called the ''series resistance''. The inductor's series resistance converts electrical current through the coils into heat, thus causing a loss of inductive quality. The [[Q factor|quality factor]] (or ''Q'') of an inductor is the ratio of its inductive reactance to its resistance at a given frequency, and is a measure of its efficiency. The higher the Q factor of the inductor, the closer it approaches the behavior of an ideal, lossless, inductor. 

The Q factor of an inductor can be found through the following formula, where ''R'' is its internal electrical resistance and <math>\omega{}L</math> is capacitive or inductive reactance at resonance:

:<math>Q = \frac{\omega{}L}{R}</math>

By using a [[ferromagnetic]] core, the inductance is greatly increased for the same amount of copper,  multiplying up the Q. Cores however also introduce losses that increase with frequency. A grade of core material is chosen for best results for the frequency band. At [[VHF]] or higher frequencies an air core is likely to be used.

Inductors wound around a ferromagnetic core may [[saturation (magnetic)|saturate]] at high currents, causing a dramatic decrease in inductance (and Q). This phenomenon can be avoided by using a (physically larger) air core inductor. A well designed air core inductor may have a Q of several hundred. 

An almost ideal inductor (Q approaching infinity) can be created by immersing a coil made from a [[superconductor|superconducting]] [[alloy]] in [[liquid helium]] or [[liquid nitrogen]]. This supercools the wire, causing its winding resistance to disappear. Because a superconducting inductor is virtually lossless, it can store a large amount of electrical energy within the surrounding magnetic field (see [[superconducting magnetic energy storage]]).

== इन्डक्टेन्स फर्मुली ==

The table below lists some common formulae for calculating the theoretical inductance of several inductor constructions.

{| class="wikitable"
 ! कन्स्ट्रक्सन
 ! फर्मुला
 ! डाइमेन्सन
 |-
 ! सिलिन्ड्रिकल कोइल<ref name=Nagaoka>{{cite journal|last=Nagaoka|first=Hantaro|authorlink=Hantaro Nagaoka|title=The Inductance Coefficients of Solenoids[http://www.g3ynh.info/zdocs/refs/Nagaoka1909/index.html#31]|date:1909-05-06|publisher=Journal of the College of Science, Imperial University, Tokyo, Japan|page=18|volume=27}}</ref>
 | <math>L=\frac{\mu_0KN^2A}{l}</math>
 |
*''L'' = inductance in [[Henry (unit)|henries]] (H)
*''μ<sub>0</sub>'' = [[permeability of free space]] = 4''<math>\pi</math>'' × 10<sup>-7</sup> H/m
*''K'' = Nagaoka coefficient<ref name=Nagaoka/>
*''N'' = number of turns
*''A'' = area of cross-section of the coil in [[square metre]]s (m<sup>2</sup>)
*''l'' = length of coil in metres (m)
 |-
 ! rowspan="2"|Straight wire conductor
 | <math>L = l\left(\ln\frac{4l}{d}-1\right) \cdot 200 \times 10^{-9}</math>
 |
*''L'' = इन्डक्टेन्स (H)
*''l'' = कन्डक्टरया हाकः (m)
*''d'' = कन्डक्टरया डायामिटर (m)
 |-
 | <math>L = 5.08 \cdot l\left(\ln\frac{4l}{d}-1\right)</math>
 |
*''L'' = inductance (nH)
*''l'' = length of conductor (in)
*''d'' = diameter of conductor (in)
 |-
 ! Short air-core cylindrical coil
 | <math>L=\frac{r^2N^2}{9r+10l}</math>
 |
*''L'' = inductance (µH)
*''r'' = outer radius of coil (in)
*''l'' = length of coil (in)
*''N'' = number of turns
 |-
 ! Multilayer air-core coil
 | <math>L = \frac{0.8r^2N^2}{6r+9l+10d}</math>
 |
*''L'' = inductance (µH)
*''r'' = mean radius of coil (in)
*''l'' = physical length of coil winding (in)
*''N'' = number of turns
*''d'' = depth of coil (outer radius minus inner radius) (in)
 |-
 ! rowspan="2"|Flat spiral air-core coil
 | <math>L=\frac{r^2N^2}{(2r+2.8d) \times 10^5}</math>
 |
*''L'' = inductance (H)
*''r'' = mean radius of coil (m)
*''N'' = number of turns
*''d'' = depth of coil (outer radius minus inner radius) (m)
 |-
 | <math>L=\frac{r^2N^2}{8r+11d}</math>
 |
*''L'' = inductance (µH)
*''r'' = mean radius of coil (in)
*''N'' = number of turns
*''d'' = depth of coil (outer radius minus inner radius) (in)
 |-
 ! Toroidal core (circular cross-section)
 | <math>L=\mu_0\mu_r\frac{N^2r^2}{D}</math>
 |
*''L'' = inductance (H)
*''μ<sub>0</sub>'' = [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] of [[vacuum|free space]] = 4''<math>\pi</math>'' × 10<sup>-7</sup> H/m
*''μ<sub>r</sub>'' = relative permeability of core material
*''N'' = number of turns
*''r'' = radius of coil winding (m)
*''D'' = overall diameter of toroid (m)
 |}

== स्वयादिसँ ==
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;">
* [[इलेक्ट्रोनिक कम्पोनेन्ट]]
* [[क्यापासितर|क्यापासिटर]]
* [[रेजिस्तर|रेजिस्टर]]
* [[मर्मिस्टर]]
* [[विद्युत]]
* [[इलेक्त्रोनिक्स|इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स]]
* [[गाइरेटर]]
* [[इन्डक्टेन्स]] (including ''mutual inductance'')
* [[इन्डक्सन कोइल]]
* [[इन्डक्सन कुकर]]
* [[इन्डक्सन लुप]]
* [[म्याग्नेटिक कोर]]
* [[स्याचुरेबल रियाक्टर]]
* [[ट्रान्सफर्मर]]
* [[रियाक्ट्यान्स (इलेक्ट्रोनिक्स)]]
* [[RL सर्किट]]
* [[RLC सर्किट]]
</div>

== मेमेगु नां ==

<!-- Are some of these circular Wikilinks? Should they become hard-redirects back to here? -->
* [[coil]]
* [[Choke (electronics)]]
* [[reactor]]

==लिधंसा==
{{reflist}}

== पिनेया स्वापू ==

; साधारण
* [http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/inductor1.htm How stuff works] The initial concept, made very simple
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070307180753/http://www.lightandmatter.com/html_books/4em/ch07/ch07.html Capacitance and Inductance] - A chapter from an online textbook
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090107114939/http://www.mpdigest.com/issue/Articles/2005/aug2005/agilent/Default.asp Spiral inductor models]. Good article on inductor characteristics and modeling.
* [http://www.66pacific.com/calculators/coil_calc.aspx Online coil inductance calculator].  Online calculator calculates the inductance of conventional and toroidal coils using formulas 3, 4, 5, and 6, above.
* [http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/~jw/AC.html AC circuits]
* [http://www.mikroe.com/en/books/keu/03.htm]- Understanding coils and transforms
* [http://library.thinkquest.org/10784/circuit_symbols.html] - Circuit Schematic Symbols
{{Commonscat|Inductors}}

[[पुचः:इलेक्ट्रोम्याग्नेटिक कम्पोनेन्ट]]
[[पुचः:Energy storage]]
[[पुचः:प्रविधि]]