MediaWiki API result
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{
"compare": {
"fromid": 1,
"fromrevid": 1,
"fromns": 0,
"fromtitle": "\u092e\u0942 \u092a\u094c",
"toid": 2,
"torevid": 2,
"tons": 0,
"totitle": "\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932",
"*": "<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\" id=\"mw-diff-left-l1\">Line \u0967:</td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-lineno\">Line \u0967:</td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">strong</del>><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MediaWiki has been installed</del>.</<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">strong</del>></div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932''' (\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940: \u090d\u0938\u093f\u0921) (\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0935 \u0925\u093e\u0938\u092f\u094d \u091c\u0947\u0928\u0947\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0925\u0902 '''HA''' [H</ins><<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup</ins>><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">+</sup>A<sup>\u2212</sup>]) [[\u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0930|\u0938\u093e\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915]] \u0915\u0925\u0902 [[\u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0909\u0923\u094d\u0921]] \u0916\u0964 \u0925\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0909\u0923\u094d\u0921\u092f\u093e\u0924 [[\u0932\u0903]]\u092f\u093e \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915\u092f\u094d \u0924\u092f\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u091b\u0917\u0942 \u0938\u094b\u0932\u0941\u0938\u0928 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u0908 \u0917\u0941\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e [[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0928|\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u0928]] [[\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092d\u093f\u091f\u0940 (\u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930)|\u090d\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u091f\u0940]] \u0936\u0941\u0926\u094d\u0927 \u0932\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0935 \u091c\u0941\u0907, \u0935\u093e [[pH]] \u096d</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u0966 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u093e \u092e\u094d\u0939\u094b \u091c\u0941\u0907\u0964 \u0925\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u092a\u0902 \u0932\u093e\u0964 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u092f\u094d [[\u091c\u094b\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0938 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u094b\u0932\u0938 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921]] \u0935 [[\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0928 \u0932\u094c\u0930\u0940]]\u092f\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0941, \u0907\u092e\u093f\u0938\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0928\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0915\u0925\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e\u0924 [[\u091a\u093f|\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930]]\u092f\u093e\u0924 [[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0928|\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0906\u092f\u0928]] (H<sup>+</ins></<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup</ins>><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">) \u092c\u0940\u0907\u0917\u0941 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0909\u0928\u094d\u0921 \u0927\u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0924\u0903\u0917\u0941 \u0926\u0941 \u0964 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u0941\u0932\u093f [[\u090f\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932|\u090d\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u090d\u0938\u093f\u0921]] ([[\u092d\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0930|\u0935\u094d\u0939\u093f\u0928\u0947\u0917\u0930]]\u092f\u094d) \u0935 [[\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] ([[\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940|\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0945\u091f\u0930\u0940]]\u0907 \u091b\u094d\u092f\u094d\u200c\u0932\u093f\u0917\u0941) \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0932\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932/\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e [[\u0930\u093f\u0921\u0915\u094d\u0938]] \u0930\u093f\u090d\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u093e \u092a\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932/\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092f\u094d \u0930\u093f\u0921\u0915\u094d\u0938\u092f\u094d \u0925\u0947\u0902 [[\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0921\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f|\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0921\u0947\u0936\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091f]] \u092a\u093e\u0907\u092e\u0916\u0941\u0964</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div><del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Consult </del>the [<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki.org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Help:Contents User</del>'<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">s Guide</del>] <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">for information on using </del>the <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki software</del>.</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{main|\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\"\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\" \u0927\u093e\u0903\u0917\u0941 \u0916\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u0902 \u0935\u0903\u0917\u0941 \u0916\u0964 [[\u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930]]\u092f\u094d \u0926\u0941\u0925\u0928\u0947 \u0927\u0941\u0902\u0915\u093e \u0925\u094d\u0935 \u0916\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0903\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u092f\u094d \u091b\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0917\u0941 \u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u092f\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0917\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u092f\u0902\u0917\u0941 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u092f\u093e \u0926\u0941:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''\u0906\u0930\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0938''': According to this definition developed by the [[Sweden|Swedish]] chemist [[Svante Arrhenius]], an acid is a substance that increases </ins>the <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">concentration of hydrogen ions (H<sup>+</sup>), which are carried as </ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[hydronium]] ions (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) when dissolved in [[water]], while bases are substances that increase the concentration of [[hydroxide]] ions (OH<sup>-</sup>). This definition limits acids and bases to substances that can dissolve in water. Around 1800, many [[France|French]] chemists, including [[Antoine Lavoisier]], incorrectly believed that all acids contained [[\u0905\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u091c\u0928|oxygen]]. Indeed the modern German word for oxygen is ''Sauerstoff'' (lit. sour substance), as is the Afrikaans word for oxygen ''suurstof'', with the same meaning. [[England|English]] chemists, including [[Sir Humphry Davy]], at the same time believed all acids contained hydrogen.\u00a0 Arrhenius used this belief to develop this definition of acid.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''[[\u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921-\u0932\u094c\u0930\u0940]]'''</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">According to this definition, an acid is a [[proton]] ([[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928|hydrogen]] nucleus) donor and a base is a proton acceptor. The acid is said to be dissociated after the proton is donated. An acid and the corresponding base are referred to as [[conjugate acid]]-base pairs. Br\u00f8nsted and Lowry independently formulated this definition, which includes water-insoluble substances not in the Arrhenius definition. Acids according to this definition are variously referred to as Br\u00f8nsted acids, Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry acids, proton acids, protic acids, or protonic acids. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092d\u0947\u0923\u094d\u091f-\u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e''': According to this definition, an acid is a substance that, when dissolved in an autodissociating solvent, increases the concentration of the [[solvonium]] cations, such as H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> in water, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup> in liquid ammonia, NO<sup>+<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup> in liquid N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, SbCl<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> in SbCl<sub>3</sub>, etc</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Base is defined as the substance that increases the concentration of the [[solvate]] anions, respectively OH<sup>-</sup>, NH<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, or SbCl<sub>4<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub><sup>-<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup>. This definition extends acid-base reactions to non-aqueous systems and even some aprotic systems, where no [[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928|hydrogen]] nuclei are involved in the reactions. This definition is not absolute, a compound acting as acid in one solvent may act as a base in another.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* '''\u0932\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938'''</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">According to this definition developed by [[Gilbert N. Lewis]], an acid is an electron-pair acceptor and a base is an electron-pair donor. (These are frequently referred to as \"[[Lewis acid]]s\" and \"[[Lewis base]]s,\" and are [[electrophile]]s and [[nucleophile]]s, respectively, in [[organic chemistry]]; Lewis bases are also [[ligands]] in [[coordination compound|coordination chemistry]].)\u00a0 Lewis acids include substances with no transferable [[protons]] (ie H<sup>+<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup> hydrogen ions), such as [[iron(III) chloride]], and hence the Lewis definition of an acid has wider application than the Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry definition. In fact, the term '''Lewis acid''</ins>' <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">is often used to exclude protic (Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry) acids. The Lewis definition can also be explained with [[molecular orbital]] theory. In general, an acid can receive an electron pair in its lowest unoccupied orbital ([[LUMO]]) from the highest occupied orbital ([[HOMO]</ins>]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">) of a base. That is, the HOMO from the base and the LUMO from </ins>the <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">acid combine to a bonding molecular orbital</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-deleted\"><br></td><td class=\"diff-marker\"></td><td class=\"diff-context diff-side-added\"><br></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>== <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Getting started </del>==</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u0926\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924 \u092e\u091c\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0902 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921-\u0932\u094c\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0924 \u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0932\u0947 \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0902 \u091b\u094d\u092f\u094d\u200c\u0932\u093e\u0924\u0903\u0917\u0941 \u0916\u0928\u0947 \u0926\u0941\u0964 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e, \u0925\u094d\u0935 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0902, \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940 \u0935 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938\u0928\u092f\u094d \u0938\u094b\u0932\u094d\u092d\u0947\u0928\u094d\u091f \u0915\u091e\u094d\u091c\u0941\u0917\u0947\u091f \u092c\u0947\u0938\u092f\u094d \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0926\u0941\u0964 \u0915\u091e\u094d\u091c\u0941\u0917\u0947\u091f \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0935\u0907\u0917\u0941 \u0935\u093e \u092e\u094d\u0939\u094b \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u092c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u091f\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u092e\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0909\u0923\u094d\u0921\u092f\u094d \u0926\u0948\u0917\u0941 \u0905\u092a\u094d\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u092e\u094d\u0939\u094b \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u092f\u093e\u0907\u0964 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0903 \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0902 [[\u0905\u0930\u094d\u200d\u0917\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] \u0926\u0938\u0941 [[\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]]\u092f\u094d \u091b\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0917\u0941 \u092f\u093e\u0964 \u092e\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0915\u0941\u0932\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u091f\u0932 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0902 (\u0905\u0928\u094d-\u092b\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0921 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u094b\u0928 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093e\u0907\u091f\u0932\u0902 \u0932\u094b\u0928 \u092a\u0947\u092f\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0913\u092d\u0930\u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a \u092f\u093e\u0907\u0917\u0941 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e) \u0932\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e\u0928\u093e\u092a \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0942 \u0924\u0903\u0964</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* [<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Configuration_settings Configuration settings list</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* [<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">org</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">FAQ MediaWiki FAQ</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>== <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u0917\u0941\u0923 </ins>==</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* [https://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lists</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wikimedia</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">postorius</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lists</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>-<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">announce</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lists</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wikimedia</del>.org/ <del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MediaWiki release mailing list</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* [https://<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">www</del>.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0928\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0947\u0921-\u0932\u094c\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"\u2212\"></td><td class=\"diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted\"><div>* [<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">https</del>://www.<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">mediawiki</del>.org/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">wiki</del>/<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Special</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">MyLanguage/Manual</del>:<del class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki</del>]</div></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0902 \u092a\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938\u0947 \u091a\u094d\u0935\u0902\u0917\u0941 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0926\u0948</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Strong or concentrated acids often produce a stinging feeling on [[mucous membrane]]s</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Change the color of pH indicators as follows: turn blue [[litmus]] and [[methyl orange]] red, turn [[phenolphthalein]] colorless</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* React with metals to produce a metal salt and hydrogen</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* React with metal carbonates to produce water, CO<sub>2</sub> and a salt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* React with a base to produce a salt and water</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* React with a metal oxide to produce water and a salt</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Conduct electricity, depending on the degree of dissociation</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Produce solvonium ions, such as oxonium (H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>) ions in water</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Acids are/can be [[gas]]es, [[liquid]]s, or [[solid]]s. Respective examples (at 20&nbsp;\u00b0C and 1 atm) are [[hydrogen chloride]], [[sulfuric acid]] and [[citric acid]]. Solutions of acids in water are liquids, such as [[hydrochloric acid]] - an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride. At 20&nbsp;\u00b0C and 1 atm, linear carboxylic acids are liquids up to [[nonanoic acid]] (nine carbon atoms) and solids beginning from [[decanoic acid]] (ten carbon atoms). Aromatic carboxylic acids, the simplest being [[benzoic acid]], are solids.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Strong acid]]s and many concentrated acids, being corrosive, can be dangerous; causing severe burns for even minor contact. Generally, acid burns on the skin are treated by rinsing the affected area abundantly with running water, followed up with immediate medical attention. In the case of highly concentrated [[mineral acid]]s such as sulfuric acid or nitric acid, the acid should first be wiped off, otherwise the exothermic mixing of the acid and the water could cause thermal burns.{{Fact|date=July 2008}} Particular acids may also be dangerous for reasons not related to their acidity. Material Safety Data Sheets ([[MSDS]]) can be consulted for detailed information on dangers and handling instructions.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923 ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923\u092f\u094d \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0924\u0947\u0924 \u0907\u092e\u093f\u0917\u0941 [[\u090f\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928]] \u0915\u0925\u0902 \u0928\u093e\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924\u0948\u0964 That ionic suffix is dropped and replaced with a new suffix (and sometimes prefix), according to the table below. For example, HCl has [[chloride]] as its anion, so the -ide suffix makes it take the form [[hydrochloric acid]].\u00a0 In the [[IUPAC]] naming system, \"aqueous\" is simply added to the name of the ionic compound.\u00a0 Thus, for hydrogen chloride, the IUPAC name would be aqueous hydrogen chloride. The prefix \"hydro-\" is added only if the acid is made up of just hydrogen and one other element.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093e\u0938\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0928\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0915\u0930\u0923:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{| border=\"1\" cellpadding=\"4\" align=\"center\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"background: #f9f9f9; color: black; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;\"</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!\u090f\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!\u090f\u0928\u093e\u092f\u0928 \u0938\u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0938\u092b\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">!\u0926\u0938\u0941</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u092a\u0930</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u090f\u091f</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u092a\u0930</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0907\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[\u092a\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HClO<sub>\u096a</sub>)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u090f\u091f</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0907\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HClO<sub>\u0969</sub>)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0906\u0907\u091f</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0913\u0938 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0938 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HClO<sub>\u0968</sub>)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u094b</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0906\u0907\u091f</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u094b</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0905\u0938 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u092a\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u0938 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HClO)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|-</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0906\u0907\u0921</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|\u0907\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|[[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HCl)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">|}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923 ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In water the following [[chemical equilibrium|equilibrium]] occurs between a weak acid (HA) and water, which acts as a base:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">HA([[Aqueous solution|aq]]) + H<sub>2</sub>O {{unicode|\u21cc}} H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + A<sup>-</sup>(aq)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The </ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[acidity constant]] (or acid dissociation constant) is the equilibrium constant for the reaction of HA with water:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><math>K_a = \\frac{[\\mbox{H}_3\\mbox{O}^+][\\mbox{A}^-]}{[\\mbox{HA}]}<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">math></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Strong acids]] have large ''K''<sub>a<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub> values (i</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">e</ins>. <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">the reaction equilibrium lies far to the right; the acid is almost completely dissociated to H<sub>3<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub>O<sup>+<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup> and A<sup>-</sup>). Strong acids include the heavier [[hydrohalic acid]]s</ins>: <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[hydrochloric acid]] (HCl), [[hydrobromic acid]] (HBr), and [[hydroiodic acid]] (HI). (However, [[hydrofluoric acid]], HF, is relatively weak.) For example, the ''K''<sub>a</sub> value for hydrochloric acid (HCl) is 10<sup>7</sup>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Weak acid]]s have small ''K''<sub>a</sub> values (i.e. at equilibrium significant amounts of HA and A<sup>\u2212</sup> exist together in solution; modest levels of H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup> are present; the acid is only partially dissociated). For example, the K<sub>a<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub> value for acetic acid is 1.8 x 10<sup>-5</sup>. Most organic acids are weak acids. [[Oxoacid]]s, which tend to contain central atoms in high oxidation states surrounded by oxygen may be quite strong or weak. [[Nitric acid]], sulfuric acid, and [[perchloric acid]] are all strong acids, whereas [[nitrous acid]], [[sulfurous acid]] and [[hypochlorous acid]] are all weak. </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Note on terms used</ins>:</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* The terms \"[[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928|hydrogen]] ion\" and \"proton\" are used interchangeably; both refer to H<sup>+</sup>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* In aqueous solution, the water is protonated to form [[hydronium]] ion, H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq). This is often abbreviated as H<sup>+</sup>(aq) even though the symbol is not chemically correct.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* The strength of an acid is measured by its [[acid dissociation constant</ins>]<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">] (''K''<sub>a</sub>) or equivalently its p''K''<sub>a</sub> (p''K''<sub>a</sub>= - log(''K''<sub>a</sub>)). </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* <ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The [[pH]] of a solution is a measurement of the concentration of hydronium. This will depend on the concentration and nature of acids and bases in solution.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== \u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">'''\u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932''' \u0925\u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0917\u0941 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0916 \u0917\u0941\u0915\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915\u0932 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094b\u0938\u093f\u092f\u0938\u0928 (\u0935\u093e \u0906\u092f\u094b\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0947\u0938\u0928)\u092f\u094d \u091b\u0917\u0942 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f \u092e\u094b\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0932 \u0926\u093e\u0928 \u092f\u093e\u092f\u0947\u092b\u0941\u0964 \u0926\u0938\u0941 (HA\u092f\u093e \u091a\u093f\u0902 \u0926\u0941\u0917\u0941 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0938\u0901):</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">:::::HA(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) {{unicode|\u21cc}} H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + A<sup>\u2212</sup>(aq) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ''K''<sub>a</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u0925\u094d\u0935 \u0915\u0925\u0902\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0938\u0941\u0932\u093f [[\u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (\u0917\u0941\u0915\u093f\u0932\u093f [[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HCl) \u0935 [[\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HNO<sub>\u0969</sub>) \u0932\u093e) \u0916\u0964 \u092e\u0947\u0917\u0941 \u0925\u093e\u0938\u092f\u094d [[\u0905\u0930\u094d\u200d\u0917\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]]\u092f\u094d \u0925\u094d\u0935 \u0916\u0901\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0903 \u091b\u0917\u0942 [[\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932 \u092a\u0941\u091a\u0903]] \u0926\u0942\u0917\u0941 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0902 \u091b\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0932\u093f \u0917\u0941\u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0917\u092c\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0902-\u0917\u092c\u093f\u0932\u0947\u0902 '''\u092e\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932'''\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093e\u0902 \u0928\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0907\u0917\u0941 \u092f\u093e\u0964 \u0926\u0938\u0941\u092f\u093e [[\u0905\u0930\u094d\u200d\u0917\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]]\u092f\u094d [[\u092b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HCOOH), [[\u090f\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (CH<sub>\u0969</sub>COOH) \u0935 </ins>[<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[\u092c\u0947\u091e\u094d\u091c\u094b\u0907\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (C<sub>\u096c</sub>H<sub>\u096b</sub>COOH) \u0932\u093e\u0964</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== \u092a\u094b\u0932\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Polyprotic acids are able to donate more than one proton per acid molecule, in contrast to monoprotic acids that only donate one proton per molecule. Specific types of polyprotic acids have more specific names, such as '''diprotic acid''' (two potential protons to donate) and '''triprotic acid''' (three potential protons to donate). </ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A diprotic acid (here symbolized by H<sub>2</sub>A) can undergo one or two dissociations depending on the pH. Each dissociation has its own dissociation constant, K<sub>a1</sub> and K<sub>a2</sub>.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">:::::H<sub>2</sub>A(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) {{unicode|\u21cc}} H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HA<sup>\u2212</sup>(aq) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ''K''<sub>a1</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">::::</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">HA<sup>\u2212</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) {{unicode|\u21cc}} H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + A<sup>2\u2212</sup>(aq)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; ''K''<sub>a2</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">The first dissociation constant is typically greater than the second; i.e., ''K''<sub>a1</sub> > ''K''<sub>a2</sub> . For example, [[sulfuric acid]] (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) can donate one proton to form the [[bisulfate]] anion (HSO<sub>4</sub><sup>\u2212</sup>), for which ''K''<sub>a1</sub> is very large; then it can donate a second proton to form the [[sulfate]] anion (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2\u2212</sup>), wherein the ''K''<sub>a2</sub> is intermediate strength. The large ''K''<sub>a1</sub> for the first dissociation makes sulfuric a strong acid. In a similar manner, the weak unstable [[carbonic acid]] (H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) can lose one proton to form [[bicarbonate]] anion (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>\u2212</sup>) and lose a second to form [[carbonate]] anion (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2\u2212</sup>). Both ''K''<sub>a<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub> values are small, but ''K''<sub>a1<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub> > ''K''<sub>a2</sub> </ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">A triprotic acid (H<sub>3</sub>A) can undergo one, two, or three dissociations and has three dissociation constants, where ''K''<sub>a1</sub> > ''K''<sub>a2</sub> > ''K''<sub>a3</sub> </ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">:::::H<sub>3</sub>A(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) {{unicode|\u21cc}} H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>A<sup>\u2212</sup>(aq) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; ''K''<sub>a1</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">:::::H<sub>2</sub>A<sup>\u2212</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) {{unicode|\u21cc}} H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + HA<sup>2\u2212<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup>(aq) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ''K''<sub>a2<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">::::HA<sup>2\u2212</sup>(aq) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l) {{unicode|\u21cc}} H<sub>3</sub>O<sup>+</sup>(aq) + A<sup>3\u2212</sup>(aq) &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ''K''<sub>a3</sub></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">An [[inorganic]] example of a triprotic acid is orthophosphoric acid (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>), usually just called [[phosphoric acid]]. All three protons can be successively lost to yield H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>\u2212</sup>, then HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2\u2212</sup>, and finally PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3\u2212<</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">sup> , the orthophosphate ion, usually just called [[phosphate]]. An [[organic compound|organic]] example of a triprotic acid is [[citric acid]], which can successively lose three protons to finally form the [[citrate]] ion. Even though the positions of the protons on the original molecule may be equivalent, the successive ''K''<sub>a</sub> values will differ since it is energetically less favorable to lose a proton if the conjugate base is more negatively charged.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0941\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091c\u0947\u0938\u0928 ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[\u0915\u093f\u092a\u093e:Hydrochloric acid ammonia.jpg|thumb|[[Hydrochloric acid]] (in [[beaker]]) reacting with [[ammonia]] fumes to produce [[ammonium chloride]] (white smoke).]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[Neutralization (chemistry)|Neutralization]] is the reaction between an acid and a base, producing a [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] and neutralized base; for example, hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide form sodium chloride and water:</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">:</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) \u2192 H<sub>2</sub>O(l) + NaCl(aq)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Neutralization is the basis of [[titration]], where a [[pH indicator]] shows equivalence point when the equivalent number of moles of a base have been added to an acid. It is often wrongly assumed that neutralization should result in a solution with pH 7.0, which is only the case with similar acid and base strengths during a reaction.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Neutralization with a base weaker than the acid results in a weakly acidic salt. An example is the weakly acidic [[ammonium chloride]], which is produced from the strong acid [[hydrogen chloride]] and the weak base [[ammonia]]. Conversely, neutralizing a weak acid with a strong base gives a weakly basic salt, e.g. [[sodium fluoride]] from [[hydrogen fluoride]] and [[sodium hydroxide]].</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== \u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932/\u0915\u092e\u091c\u094b\u0930 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{main|\u0939\u0947\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0930\u0938\u0928-\u0939\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u0947\u0932\u092c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091a \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In order to lose a proton, it is necessary that the pH of the system rise above the p''K''<sub>a</sub> of the protonated acid. The decreased concentration of H<sup>+</sup> in that basic solution shifts the equilibrium towards the conjugate base form (the deprotonated form of the acid). In lower-pH (more acidic) solutions, there is a high enough H<sup>+</sup> concentration in the solution to cause the acid to remain in its protonated form, or to protonate its conjugate base (the deprotonated form).</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Solutions of weak acids and salts of their conjugate bases form [[buffer solution]]s.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e \u091b\u094d\u092f\u094d\u200c\u0932\u093e ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0935 \u0925\u093e\u0938\u092f\u094d \u091b\u094d\u092f\u094d\u200c\u0932\u0947\u091b\u093f\u0902\u0964 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u092a\u093e\u0932\u0902 \u0916\u0924\u0902 \u0935 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u0947\u0917\u0941 \u0927\u093e\u0924\u0941\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 (corrosion) \u0932\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0924 [[\u092a\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0932\u093f\u0919]] \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u092f\u093e\u092f\u094d \u091b\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0964 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e\u0924 [[\u0935\u0947\u091f \u0938\u0947\u0932 \u092c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940]]\u0907 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932\u093e\u0907\u091f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0925\u0902 \u0928\u0902 \u091b\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0932\u093f\u0917\u0941 \u092f\u093e, \u0926\u0938\u0941 [[\u0938\u094d\u0932\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]]\u092f\u093e\u0924 [[\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0940]]\u0907 \u091b\u094d\u092f\u0932\u093f\u0964</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Strong acids, [[sulfuric acid]] in particular, are widely used in mineral processing. For example, phosphate minerals react with sulfuric acid to produce [[phosphoric acid]] for the production of phosphate fertilizers, and [[\u091c\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e|zinc]] is produced by dissolving zinc oxide into sulfuric acid, purifying the solution and electrowinning.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">In the chemical industry, acids react in neutralization reactions to produce salts. For example, [[nitric acid]] reacts with [[ammonia]] to produce [[ammonium nitrate]], a fertilizer. Additionally, [[carboxylic acid]]s can be [[Esterification|esterified]] with [[alcohol]]s, to produce [[ester]]s.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Acids are used as [[catalyst]]s; for example, [[sulfuric acid]] is used in very large quantities in the [[alkylation]] process to produce gasoline. Strong acids, such as sulfuric, phosphoric and hydrochloric acids also effect dehydration and condensation reactions.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">Acids are used as additives to drinks and foods, as they alter their taste and serve as preservatives. [[Phosphoric acid]], for example, is a component of [[cola]] drinks.</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== \u091c\u0948\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u092e\u0928\u0941 \u0935 \u092f\u0915\u094d\u0935 \u092e\u0947\u092e\u0947\u0917\u0941 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0907 [[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] [[\u0917\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]]\u092f\u093e \u091b\u0917\u0942 \u092d\u093e\u0917\u092f\u093e \u0930\u0941\u092a\u0902 [[\u092a\u094d\u0935\u093e|\u092a\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0925\u0902]] [[\u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0928]] \u0935 [[\u092a\u094b\u0932\u093f\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u0947\u0930\u093e\u0907\u0921]] \u092a\u093e\u091a\u0928\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0964 \u0925\u0941\u0915\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0902 \u0907\u0928\u094d-\u090f\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b-\u0907\u091e\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e [[\u092a\u0947\u092a\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0928\u094b\u091c\u0947\u0928]]\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u0907\u091e\u094d\u091c\u093e\u0907\u092e [[\u092a\u0947\u092a\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0928]]\u092f\u094d \u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u091b\u094d\u0935\u0907\u0964 \u091b\u0941\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0923\u0940\u0924\u0947\u0938\u0902 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0902 \u092a\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0907, \u0926\u0938\u0941 \u0907\u092e\u0941\u0902 [[\u092b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] \u092a\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0907\u0964</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== [[\u0916\u0928\u093f\u091c \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u0947\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0921\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094b\u0932\u0941\u0938\u0928, \u0926\u0938\u0941 [[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0932\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HCl) \u0935 [[\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HBr)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u0928\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (HNO<sub>3</sub>)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u092b\u094b\u0938\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] (H<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub>)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== [[\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* \u092e\u093f\u0925\u0947\u0928\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 (aka mesylic acid) (MeSO<sub>3</sub>H)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* \u0907\u0925\u0947\u0928\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 (aka esylic acid) (EtSO<sub>3</sub>H)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* \u092c\u0947\u091e\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0928\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 (aka besylic acid) (PhSO<sub>3</sub>H)</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* \u091f\u094b\u0932\u0941\u0907\u0928\u0938\u0932\u094d\u092b\u094b\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 (aka tosylic acid, or (C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>) (SO<sub>3</sub>H))</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== [[\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]] ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u092b\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u090f\u0938\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]</ins>]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u0938\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">=== [[\u092d\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0932\u094b\u0917\u0938]] \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u094b\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 ===</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u090f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u092c\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u092e\u0947\u0932\u094d\u0921\u094d\u0930\u092e\u092f\u093e \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== \u0932\u093f\u0927\u0902\u0938\u093e ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{reflist}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* [https://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">20011218075412</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/chemdata/data</ins>-<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">ka.htm \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930\u092f\u093e \u0927\u0932\u0903]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* Zumdahl, Chemistry, 4th Edition</ins>.</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== \u0938\u094d\u0935\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093f\u0938\u0901 ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">; \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u092d\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0932\u0941]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0932\u0935\u0923]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u091a\u093f|\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u092d\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0928\u0930\u0940 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u092d\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0932]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u090f\u0915\u094d\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0928]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">; \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935\u093e]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [[\u092e\u0939\u093e\u0938\u093e\u0917\u0930 \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">== \u092a\u093f\u0928\u0947\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u092a\u0942 ==</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [https://web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web/20161227185722/http://scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/physical/acidbases.html Science Aid: \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932 \u0935 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930] \u0939\u093e\u0907\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0941\u0932\u092f\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u0924\u0947\u0917\u0941 \u0928\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">* [http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html \u0915\u0930\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092a\u094b\u091f]: \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u0907\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0932\u093f\u092c\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f\u092a\u093e, [[pH]] \u0932\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0916\u093e\u092f\u0947\u0917\u0941 \u0935 [[\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0938\u0928]] \u0915\u0930\u094d\u092d \u0938\u094d\u091f\u093f\u092e\u0941\u0932\u0947\u0938\u0928 \u0935 \u090f\u0928\u093e\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0938\u093f\u0938 - [[\u092b\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u094d\u200c\u0930]</ins>]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* [https://<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web</ins>.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">archive</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">web</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">20070208205931/http</ins>:/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">/canadaconnects.ca/chemistry/10081/ \u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932\u092f\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947\u092f\u094d \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0925\u092e\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0940\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0902\u0924\u093f\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u0930</ins>]</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>* [<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">http</ins>://www.<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">unece</ins>.org/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">env</ins>/<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">lrtap/ \u0932\u0919\u094d\u0917 \u0930\u0947\u091e\u094d\u091c \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0938\u092c\u093e\u0909\u0923\u094d\u0921\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0941\u0937\u0923\u092f\u093e \u092c\u093e\u0930\u0947\u092f\u094d UN ECE \u0915\u0928\u094d\u092d\u0947\u0928\u094d\u0938\u0928]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\"><!-- interwiki --></ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">{{Commonscat|Acids}}</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div>\u00a0</div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[\u092a\u0941\u091a\u0903:\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932| ]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[\u092a\u0941\u091a\u0903</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u0905\u092e\u094d\u0932-\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u0936\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u094d\u0930]]</ins></div></td></tr>\n<tr><td colspan=\"2\" class=\"diff-side-deleted\"></td><td class=\"diff-marker\" data-marker=\"+\"></td><td class=\"diff-addedline diff-side-added\"><div><ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">[[\u092a\u0941\u091a\u0903</ins>:<ins class=\"diffchange diffchange-inline\">\u0935\u093f\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928]</ins>]</div></td></tr>\n"
}
}